¹Paulus,Paul,servus Jesu Christi,a servant of Jesus Christ,vocatus Apostolus,called as an Apostle,segregatus in Evangelium Dei,separated for the Gospel of God,

¹Paulus,Paul,servus Jesu Christi,a servant of Jesus Christ,vocatus Apostolus,called as an Apostle,segregatus in Evangelium Dei,separated for the Gospel of God,

²quod ante promiserat per prophetas suos in Scripturis sanctiswhich he had promised beforehand, through his Prophets, in the Holy Scriptures,

²quod ante promiserat per prophetas suos in Scripturis sanctiswhich he had promised beforehand, through his Prophets, in the Holy Scriptures,

³de Filio suo,about his Son,qui factus est ei ex semine David secundum carnem,who was made for him from the offspring of David according to the flesh,

³de Filio suo,about his Son,qui factus est ei ex semine David secundum carnem,who was made for him from the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴qui prædestinatus est Filius Dei in virtute secundum spiritum sanctificationis ex resurrectione mortuorum Jesu Christi Domini nostri:the Son of God, who was predestined in virtue according to the Spirit of sanctification from the resurrection of the dead, our Lord Jesus Christ,

⁴qui prædestinatus est Filius Dei in virtute secundum spiritum sanctificationis ex resurrectione mortuorum Jesu Christi Domini nostri:the Son of God, who was predestined in virtue according to the Spirit of sanctification from the resurrection of the dead, our Lord Jesus Christ,

⁵per quem accepimus gratiam,through whom we have received grace and Apostleship,et apostolatum ad obediendum fidei in omnibus gentibus pro nomine ejus,for the sake of his name, for the obedience of faith among all the Gentiles,

⁵per quem accepimus gratiam,through whom we have received grace and Apostleship,et apostolatum ad obediendum fidei in omnibus gentibus pro nomine ejus,for the sake of his name, for the obedience of faith among all the Gentiles,

⁶in quibus estis et vos vocati Jesu Christi:from whom you also have been called by Jesus Christ:

⁶in quibus estis et vos vocati Jesu Christi:from whom you also have been called by Jesus Christ:

⁷omnibus qui sunt Romæ,To all who are at Rome,dilectis Dei,the beloved of God,vocatis sanctis.called as saints.Gratia vobis,Grace to you,et pax a Deo Patre nostro,and peace,et Domino Jesu Christo.from God our Father and from the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁷omnibus qui sunt Romæ,To all who are at Rome,dilectis Dei,the beloved of God,vocatis sanctis.called as saints.Gratia vobis,Grace to you,et pax a Deo Patre nostro,and peace,et Domino Jesu Christo.from God our Father and from the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸Primum quidem gratias ago Deo meo per Jesum Christum pro omnibus vobis: quia fides vestra annuntiatur in universo mundo.Certainly, I give thanks to my God, through Jesus Christ, first for all of you, because your faith is being announced throughout the entire world.

⁸Primum quidem gratias ago Deo meo per Jesum Christum pro omnibus vobis: quia fides vestra annuntiatur in universo mundo.Certainly, I give thanks to my God, through Jesus Christ, first for all of you, because your faith is being announced throughout the entire world.

⁹Testis enim mihi est Deus,For God is my witness,cui servio in spiritu meo in Evangelio Filii ejus,whom I serve in my spirit by the Gospel of his Son,quod sine intermissione memoriam vestri faciothat without ceasing I have kept a remembrance of you

⁹Testis enim mihi est Deus,For God is my witness,cui servio in spiritu meo in Evangelio Filii ejus,whom I serve in my spirit by the Gospel of his Son,quod sine intermissione memoriam vestri faciothat without ceasing I have kept a remembrance of you

¹⁰semper in orationibus meis:always in my prayers, pleading that in some way,obsecrans,at some time,si quomodo tandem aliquando prosperum iter habeam in voluntate Dei veniendi ad vos.I may have a prosperous journey, within the will of God, to come to you.

¹⁰semper in orationibus meis:always in my prayers, pleading that in some way,obsecrans,at some time,si quomodo tandem aliquando prosperum iter habeam in voluntate Dei veniendi ad vos.I may have a prosperous journey, within the will of God, to come to you.

¹¹Desidero enim videre vos,For I long to see you,ut aliquid impertiar vobis gratiæ spiritualis ad confirmandos vos:so that I may impart to you a certain spiritual grace to strengthen you,

¹¹Desidero enim videre vos,For I long to see you,ut aliquid impertiar vobis gratiæ spiritualis ad confirmandos vos:so that I may impart to you a certain spiritual grace to strengthen you,

¹²id est,specifically,simul consolari in vobis per eam quæ invicem est,to be consoled together with you through that which is mutual:fidem vestram atque meam.your faith and mine.

¹²id est,specifically,simul consolari in vobis per eam quæ invicem est,to be consoled together with you through that which is mutual:fidem vestram atque meam.your faith and mine.

¹³Nolo autem vos ignorare fratres:But I want you to know,quia sæpe proposui venire ad vos (et prohibitus sum usque adhuc) ut aliquem fructum habeambrothers,et in vobis,that I have often intended to come to you,sicut(though I have been hindered even to the present time) so that I might obtain some fruit among you also,et in ceteris gentibus.just as also among the other Gentiles.

¹³Nolo autem vos ignorare fratres:But I want you to know,quia sæpe proposui venire ad vos (et prohibitus sum usque adhuc) ut aliquem fructum habeambrothers,et in vobis,that I have often intended to come to you,sicut(though I have been hindered even to the present time) so that I might obtain some fruit among you also,et in ceteris gentibus.just as also among the other Gentiles.

¹⁴Græcis ac barbaris,To the Greeks and to the uncivilized,sapientibus,to the wise and to the foolish,et insipientibus debitor sum:I am in debt.

¹⁴Græcis ac barbaris,To the Greeks and to the uncivilized,sapientibus,to the wise and to the foolish,et insipientibus debitor sum:I am in debt.

¹⁵ita (quod in me) promptum est et vobis, qui Romæ estis, evangelizare.So within me there is a prompting to evangelize to you also who are at Rome.

¹⁵ita (quod in me) promptum est et vobis, qui Romæ estis, evangelizare.So within me there is a prompting to evangelize to you also who are at Rome.

¹⁶Non enim erubesco Evangelium.For I am not ashamed of the Gospel.Virtus enim Dei est in salutem omni credenti,For it is the power of God unto salvation for all believers,Judæo primum,the Jew first,et Græco.and the Greek.

¹⁶Non enim erubesco Evangelium.For I am not ashamed of the Gospel.Virtus enim Dei est in salutem omni credenti,For it is the power of God unto salvation for all believers,Judæo primum,the Jew first,et Græco.and the Greek.

¹⁷Justitia enim Dei in eo revelatur ex fide in fidem:For the justice of God is revealed within it, by faith unto faith,sicut scriptum est:just as it was written:Justus autem ex fide vivit.“For the just one lives by faith.”

¹⁷Justitia enim Dei in eo revelatur ex fide in fidem:For the justice of God is revealed within it, by faith unto faith,sicut scriptum est:just as it was written:Justus autem ex fide vivit.“For the just one lives by faith.”

¹⁸Revelatur enim ira Dei de cælo super omnem impietatem, et injustitiam hominum eorum, qui veritatem Dei in injustitia detinent:For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven over every impiety and injustice among those men who fend off the truth of God with injustice.

¹⁸Revelatur enim ira Dei de cælo super omnem impietatem, et injustitiam hominum eorum, qui veritatem Dei in injustitia detinent:For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven over every impiety and injustice among those men who fend off the truth of God with injustice.

¹⁹quia quod notum est Dei, manifestum est in illis.For what is known about God is manifest in them.Deus enim illis manifestavit.For God has manifested it to them.

¹⁹quia quod notum est Dei, manifestum est in illis.For what is known about God is manifest in them.Deus enim illis manifestavit.For God has manifested it to them.

²⁰Invisibilia enim ipsius, a creatura mundi,For unseen things about him have been made conspicuous,per ea quæ facta sunt,since the creation of the world,intellecta, conspiciuntur:being understood by the things that were made;sempiterna quoque ejus virtus, et divinitas:likewise his everlasting virtue and divinity,ita ut sint inexcusabiles.so much so that they have no excuse.

²⁰Invisibilia enim ipsius, a creatura mundi,For unseen things about him have been made conspicuous,per ea quæ facta sunt,since the creation of the world,intellecta, conspiciuntur:being understood by the things that were made;sempiterna quoque ejus virtus, et divinitas:likewise his everlasting virtue and divinity,ita ut sint inexcusabiles.so much so that they have no excuse.

²¹Quia cum cognovissent Deum,For although they had known God,non sicut Deum glorificaverunt,they did not glorify God,aut gratias egerunt:nor give thanks. Instead,sed evanuerunt in cogitationibus suis,they became weakened in their thoughts,et obscuratum est insipiens cor eorum:and their foolish heart was obscured.

²¹Quia cum cognovissent Deum,For although they had known God,non sicut Deum glorificaverunt,they did not glorify God,aut gratias egerunt:nor give thanks. Instead,sed evanuerunt in cogitationibus suis,they became weakened in their thoughts,et obscuratum est insipiens cor eorum:and their foolish heart was obscured.

²²dicentes enim se esse sapientes,For, while proclaiming themselves to be wise,stulti facti sunt.they became foolish.

²²dicentes enim se esse sapientes,For, while proclaiming themselves to be wise,stulti facti sunt.they became foolish.

²³Et mutaverunt gloriam incorruptibilis Dei in similitudinem imaginis corruptibilis hominis,And they exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man,et volucrum,and of flying things,et quadrupedum,and of four-legged beasts,et serpentium.and of serpents.

²³Et mutaverunt gloriam incorruptibilis Dei in similitudinem imaginis corruptibilis hominis,And they exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man,et volucrum,and of flying things,et quadrupedum,and of four-legged beasts,et serpentium.and of serpents.

²⁴Propter quod tradidit illos Deus in desideria cordis eorum,For this reason,in immunditiam,God handed them over to the desires of their own heart for impurity,ut contumeliis afficiant corpora sua in semetipsis:so that they afflicted their own bodies with indignities among themselves.

²⁴Propter quod tradidit illos Deus in desideria cordis eorum,For this reason,in immunditiam,God handed them over to the desires of their own heart for impurity,ut contumeliis afficiant corpora sua in semetipsis:so that they afflicted their own bodies with indignities among themselves.

²⁵qui commutaverunt veritatem Dei in mendacium:And they exchanged the truth of God for a lie.et coluerunt,And they worshipped and served the creature,et servierunt creaturæ potius quam Creatori,rather than the Creator,qui est benedictus in sæcula.who is blessed for all eternity.Amen.Amen.

²⁵qui commutaverunt veritatem Dei in mendacium:And they exchanged the truth of God for a lie.et coluerunt,And they worshipped and served the creature,et servierunt creaturæ potius quam Creatori,rather than the Creator,qui est benedictus in sæcula.who is blessed for all eternity.Amen.Amen.

²⁶Propterea tradidit illos Deus in passiones ignominiæ:Because of this, God handed them over to shameful passions.nam feminæ eorum immutaverunt naturalem usum in eum usum qui est contra naturam.For example, their females have exchanged the natural use of the body for a use which is against nature.

²⁶Propterea tradidit illos Deus in passiones ignominiæ:Because of this, God handed them over to shameful passions.nam feminæ eorum immutaverunt naturalem usum in eum usum qui est contra naturam.For example, their females have exchanged the natural use of the body for a use which is against nature.

²⁷Similiter autem et masculi,And similarly, the males also,relicto naturali usu feminæ,abandoning the natural use of females,exarserunt in desideriis suis in invicem,have burned in their desires for one another:masculi in masculos turpitudinem operantes,males doing with males what is disgraceful,et mercedem, quam oportuit, erroris sui in semetipsis recipientes.and receiving within themselves the recompense that necessarily results from their error.

²⁷Similiter autem et masculi,And similarly, the males also,relicto naturali usu feminæ,abandoning the natural use of females,exarserunt in desideriis suis in invicem,have burned in their desires for one another:masculi in masculos turpitudinem operantes,males doing with males what is disgraceful,et mercedem, quam oportuit, erroris sui in semetipsis recipientes.and receiving within themselves the recompense that necessarily results from their error.

²⁸Et sicut non probaverunt Deum habere in notitia,And since they did not prove to have God by knowledge,tradidit illos Deus in reprobum sensum,God handed them over to a morally depraved way of thinking,ut faciant ea quæ non conveniunt,so that they might do those things which are not fitting:

²⁸Et sicut non probaverunt Deum habere in notitia,And since they did not prove to have God by knowledge,tradidit illos Deus in reprobum sensum,God handed them over to a morally depraved way of thinking,ut faciant ea quæ non conveniunt,so that they might do those things which are not fitting:

²⁹repletos omni iniquitate,having been completely filled with all iniquity,malitia,malice,fornicatione,fornication,avaritia,avarice,nequitia,wickedness;plenos invidia,full of envy,homicidio,murder,contentione,contention,dolo,deceit,malignitate:spite,susurrones,gossiping;

²⁹repletos omni iniquitate,having been completely filled with all iniquity,malitia,malice,fornicatione,fornication,avaritia,avarice,nequitia,wickedness;plenos invidia,full of envy,homicidio,murder,contentione,contention,dolo,deceit,malignitate:spite,susurrones,gossiping;

³⁰detractores,slanderous,Deo odibiles,hateful toward God,contumeliosos,abusive,superbos,arrogant,elatos,self-exalting,inventores malorum,devisers of evil,parentibus non obedientes,disobedient to parents,

³⁰detractores,slanderous,Deo odibiles,hateful toward God,contumeliosos,abusive,superbos,arrogant,elatos,self-exalting,inventores malorum,devisers of evil,parentibus non obedientes,disobedient to parents,

³¹insipientes,foolish,incompositos,disorderly;sine affectione,without affection,absque fœdere,without fidelity,sine misericordia.without mercy.

³¹insipientes,foolish,incompositos,disorderly;sine affectione,without affection,absque fœdere,without fidelity,sine misericordia.without mercy.

³²Qui cum justitiam Dei cognovissent,And these,non intellexerunt quoniam qui talia agunt,though they had known the justice of God,digni sunt morte:did not understand that those who act in such a manner are deserving of death,et non solum qui ea faciunt,and not only those who do these things,sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus.but also those who consent to what is done.

³²Qui cum justitiam Dei cognovissent,And these,non intellexerunt quoniam qui talia agunt,though they had known the justice of God,digni sunt morte:did not understand that those who act in such a manner are deserving of death,et non solum qui ea faciunt,and not only those who do these things,sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus.but also those who consent to what is done.